Vitamins & Minerals
Vitamin A (as beta-carotene)
Amount per serving: 900 mcg RAE
Daily Value: 100%
Why This Dose: 900 mcg RAE provides the full recommended daily intake while remaining well within safe long-term limits. Using beta-carotene allows the body to convert only what it needs, making it a safer and more physiologically balanced form for daily use.
Why It's Included: Vitamin A is included to promote skin renewal, immune resilience, and cellular regeneration through its powerful antioxidant properties and role in cellular differentiation.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Beta-carotene serves as a safe, naturally occurring provitamin A that the body converts to vitamin A as needed. As a potent antioxidant, it provides protection against oxidative stress and supports skin health through multiple mechanisms, including UV protection and cellular repair processes.
Works with: Vitamin C and vitamin E to support antioxidant balance, and zinc to support immune and skin health.
Vitamin C (as ascorbic acid)
Amount per serving: 250 mg
Daily Value: 278%
Why This Dose: 250 mg provides levels above the minimum daily requirement to support collagen synthesis and antioxidant protection. This level is widely used in nutrition research while remaining well-tolerated for daily use.
Why It's Included: Vitamin C is included for its essential role as a cofactor in collagen synthesis, its powerful antioxidant properties, and its critical support of immune system function.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Vitamin C functions as a potent water-soluble antioxidant and is essential for the synthesis of collagen, the primary structural protein in skin, bones, and connective tissues. It supports immune defense through multiple cellular mechanisms and protects against environmental oxidative stress.
Works with: Glycine, proline, and MSM to support collagen production, and vitamin E to support antioxidant recycling.
Vitamin D (as vegan cholecalciferol, VegD3®)
Amount per serving: 19.5 mcg
Daily Value: 98%
Why This Dose: 19.5 mcg provides meaningful support for maintaining healthy vitamin D status while remaining appropriate for daily supplementation. This level complements vitamin D obtained from sunlight and diet without approaching excessive intake levels.
Why It's Included: Vitamin D is included to support bone health, immune system modulation, and cellular function regulation throughout the body.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Vitamin D functions as a hormone precursor that regulates calcium absorption, bone mineralization, and immune system function. It supports muscle strength, cardiovascular health, and plays crucial roles in cellular differentiation and proliferation.
Works with: Vitamin K2, magnesium, and boron to support calcium utilization and skeletal integrity.
Vitamin E (as d-alpha-tocopheryl succinate)
Amount per serving: 15 mg
Daily Value: 100%
Why This Dose: 15 mg provides the full daily value of vitamin E needed to support antioxidant protection of cell membranes. This amount supports long-term cellular defense while remaining within safe daily intake ranges.
Why It's Included: Vitamin E is included as a primary fat-soluble antioxidant to protect cell membranes from oxidative damage and support cardiovascular and neurological health.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Vitamin E, particularly in the d-alpha-tocopheryl form, serves as the body's primary defense against lipid peroxidation in cell membranes. It protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidative damage and supports vascular health, brain function, and skin integrity.
Works with: Vitamin C and selenium to support a coordinated antioxidant network.
Niacin
Amount per serving: 10 mg
Daily Value: 63%
Why This Dose: 10 mg supports NAD-dependent energy metabolism and cellular repair processes. This level provides metabolic support while remaining below the threshold typically associated with niacin flushing.
Why It's Included: Niacin is included to support cellular energy metabolism, cardiovascular function, and healthy cholesterol profiles.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Niacin (vitamin B3) is essential for NAD+ synthesis, which is crucial for cellular energy production and DNA repair. It supports cardiovascular health through its effects on lipid metabolism and endothelial function.
Works with: Magnesium and the broader B-vitamin system (folate, B12, biotin) to support energy metabolism.
Folate (from Quatrefolic® 5-MTHF)
Amount per serving: 300 mcg DFE
Daily Value: 75%
Why This Dose: 300 mcg DFE provides meaningful support for methylation, DNA synthesis, and cellular repair. Using the active 5-MTHF form helps ensure efficient utilization regardless of common genetic variations in folate metabolism.
Why It's Included: Folate is included to support DNA synthesis and repair, methylation processes, and cognitive function. The Quatrefolic® form provides 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the active form of folate.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Folate is essential for DNA synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and methylation reactions that regulate gene expression. The 5-MTHF form bypasses potential genetic variations in folate metabolism, ensuring optimal bioavailability and utilization.
Works with: Vitamin B12 and choline to support methylation and neurological performance.
Vitamin B12 (as methylcobalamin)
Amount per serving: 25 mcg
Daily Value: 1,042%
Why This Dose: 25 mcg compensates for the limited absorption of oral vitamin B12 in the digestive system. Providing a higher oral amount helps ensure adequate uptake to support neurological function and methylation pathways.
Why It's Included: Vitamin B12 is included to support nerve health, energy metabolism, and methylation processes. The methylcobalamin form is the active, bioavailable form of B12.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Vitamin B12 is essential for nerve function, DNA synthesis, and energy metabolism. Methylcobalamin is the active form that directly supports methylation reactions and neurological function without requiring conversion.
Works with: Folate and niacin to support methylation and cellular energy pathways.
Biotin
Amount per serving: 150 mcg
Daily Value: 500%
Why This Dose: 150 mcg supports metabolic enzyme activity and keratin infrastructure for hair, skin, and nails. This level provides functional support while remaining well within safe daily intake levels.
Why It's Included: Biotin is included to support keratin infrastructure for healthy hair, skin, and nails, as well as energy metabolism and gene regulation.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Biotin serves as a cofactor for carboxylase enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and gluconeogenesis. It's particularly important for keratin synthesis, the structural protein in hair, skin, and nails.
Works with: Niacin and magnesium to support efficient energy metabolism.
Choline (as choline bitartrate)
Amount per serving: 40 mg
Daily Value: 7%
Why This Dose: 40 mg provides foundational support for acetylcholine production and cellular membrane integrity. This amount complements additional phospholipid support provided by citicoline in the formula.
Why It's Included: Choline is included to support brain health, liver function, and cellular membrane integrity through its role in neurotransmitter synthesis and phospholipid production.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Choline is essential for acetylcholine synthesis (a key neurotransmitter), phosphatidylcholine production for cell membranes, and methylation reactions. It supports cognitive function, liver health, and cellular communication.
Works with: Citicoline and phosphatidylserine to support cognitive performance and neuronal membrane health.
Iodine (as potassium iodide)
Amount per serving: 75 mcg
Daily Value: 50%
Why This Dose: 75 mcg supports thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolic regulation. This level provides meaningful support while allowing balance with iodine intake from dietary sources.
Why It's Included: Iodine is included to support thyroid hormone synthesis and regulation of metabolism, energy production, and cellular function.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, which regulate metabolism, energy production, and cellular development. Adequate iodine status is crucial for optimal thyroid function and metabolic health.
Works with: Selenium to support thyroid hormone activation and antioxidant protection in thyroid tissue.
Magnesium (as dimagnesium malate)
Amount per serving: 150 mg
Daily Value: 36%
Why This Dose: 150 mg provides a meaningful contribution toward daily magnesium requirements. This level supports energy metabolism, muscle function, and nerve signaling while maintaining digestive tolerance.
Why It's Included: Magnesium is included to support muscle and nerve function, energy metabolism, and bone health. The malate form provides enhanced absorption and energy support.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Magnesium is involved in over 300 enzymatic reactions, including energy production, protein synthesis, and muscle contraction. The malate form combines magnesium with malic acid, supporting cellular energy production and potentially reducing muscle fatigue.
Works with: Vitamin D and potassium to support neuromuscular function, and creatine to support cellular energy systems.
Zinc (as zinc picolinate)
Amount per serving: 7.5 mg
Daily Value: 68%
Why This Dose: 7.5 mg supports immune function, skin health, and antioxidant enzyme activity. This level maintains proper mineral balance with copper while complementing dietary zinc intake.
Why It's Included: Zinc is included to support immune function, skin health, wound healing, and antioxidant enzyme activity. The picolinate form provides enhanced absorption.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Zinc is essential for immune cell function, protein synthesis, wound healing, and antioxidant enzyme activity. It supports skin integrity, taste and smell function, and plays crucial roles in growth and development.
Works with: Copper to maintain mineral balance, and vitamin A to support immune and skin function.
Selenium (as selenomethionine)
Amount per serving: 55 mcg
Daily Value: 100%
Why This Dose: 55 mcg provides the full recommended daily intake needed to support antioxidant enzymes and thyroid hormone metabolism. This level supports cellular protection while remaining safely within recommended intake ranges.
Why It's Included: Selenium is included as an essential component of antioxidant enzymes and to support thyroid function, immune health, and cellular protection.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Selenium is incorporated into selenoproteins including glutathione peroxidases and thyroid deiodinases. It provides antioxidant protection, supports thyroid hormone metabolism, and enhances immune function.
Works with: Vitamin E for antioxidant defense and iodine for thyroid support.
Copper (as copper bisglycinate)
Amount per serving: 1 mg
Daily Value: 111%
Why This Dose: 1 mg supports collagen cross-linking, iron metabolism, and antioxidant enzymes. This level also maintains an appropriate mineral balance with zinc intake.
Why It's Included: Copper is included to support collagen synthesis, iron metabolism, and antioxidant enzyme function. The bisglycinate form provides enhanced absorption and reduced gastric irritation.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Copper is essential for lysyl oxidase (collagen cross-linking), cytochrome c oxidase (energy production), and superoxide dismutase (antioxidant defense). It supports connective tissue health, iron absorption, and cardiovascular function.
Works with: Zinc to maintain mineral harmony and vitamin C to support collagen formation.
Sodium
Amount per serving: 100 mg
Daily Value: 4%
Why This Dose: 100 mg provides modest electrolyte support for hydration, nerve signaling, and muscle function. This level supports physiological balance without contributing excessive dietary sodium.
Why It's Included: Sodium is included to support fluid balance, nerve conduction, and muscle function, particularly important for active individuals and electrolyte balance.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Sodium is essential for maintaining fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction. It works with potassium to maintain cellular electrical gradients and supports cardiovascular function.
Works with: Potassium and taurine to support electrolyte balance and neuromuscular stability.
Potassium (as potassium citrate)
Amount per serving: 150 mg
Daily Value: 3%
Why This Dose: 150 mg supports cardiovascular function, nerve signaling, and muscle contraction. This level complements potassium obtained through diet while contributing to electrolyte balance.
Why It's Included: Potassium is included to support cardiovascular health, muscle function, and bone health. The citrate form provides alkalizing benefits and enhanced absorption.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Potassium is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and cardiovascular health. It helps maintain healthy blood pressure, supports bone health by reducing calcium excretion, and provides alkalizing effects.
Works with: Sodium and magnesium to support hydration, nerve signaling, and muscle function.
Muscle Support
Creatine Monohydrate
Amount per serving: 2.5 g
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 2.5 g provides a clinically supported maintenance dose for sustaining muscle phosphocreatine stores. Consistent daily intake at this level supports cellular energy production in both muscle and brain.
Why It's Included: Creatine is included as one of the most evidence-backed compounds for supporting muscle strength, power, and cognitive function through enhanced cellular energy production.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Creatine increases phosphocreatine stores in muscles, providing rapid ATP regeneration during high-intensity activities. It supports muscle strength, power output, lean mass development, and emerging research shows cognitive benefits.
Works with: Creatine works with branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) for muscle protein synthesis, combines with magnesium and potassium for energy transfer, and supports cognitive function with other nootropic compounds.
L-Leucine
Amount per serving: 2 g
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 2 g provides the leucine threshold shown to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. This level helps support maintenance of lean muscle mass, particularly as anabolic sensitivity declines with age.
Why It's Included: L-Leucine is included as the primary trigger for muscle protein synthesis and the most anabolic of the essential amino acids, particularly important for maintaining muscle mass as you age.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Leucine activates the mTOR pathway, stimulating muscle protein synthesis and supporting muscle growth and maintenance. It's particularly effective at overcoming anabolic resistance in older adults.
Works with: Isoleucine and valine for balanced BCAA support and creatine for strength and performance.
Glycine
Amount per serving: 1.3 g
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 1.3 g provides a meaningful intake of one of the primary amino acids used to build collagen. This level also supports metabolic regulation and neurotransmitter balance.
Why It's Included: Glycine is included to support collagen synthesis, sleep quality, and cellular protection through its roles as a building block for proteins and a calming neurotransmitter.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Glycine is the most abundant amino acid in collagen and serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. It supports collagen formation, promotes restful sleep, and provides cellular protection against oxidative stress.
Works with: Vitamin C and proline and lysine to support collagen formation and MSM to support connective tissue structure and works with theanine and tryptophan for sleep support.
Taurine
Amount per serving: 1 g
Daily Value: †
Why It's Included: Taurine is included to support cardiovascular health, muscle function, and cellular protection through its roles in calcium regulation and antioxidant activity.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Taurine supports cardiovascular function, muscle contraction, and cellular osmoregulation. It provides antioxidant protection, supports bile acid conjugation, and plays important roles in heart and muscle health.
Works with: Taurine works with creatine and leucine for muscle function, supports cardiovascular health with CoQ10 and potassium, and enhances cellular protection with antioxidants.
L-Valine
Amount per serving: 450 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 450 mg contributes to a balanced branched-chain amino acid profile supporting muscle metabolism. This level complements leucine and isoleucine to support muscle protein synthesis and recovery.
Why It's Included: L-Valine is included as one of the three branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) to support muscle protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and exercise recovery.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Valine supports muscle protein synthesis, particularly when combined with leucine and isoleucine. It provides energy during exercise, supports muscle recovery, and helps maintain nitrogen balance.
Works with: Valine works with leucine and isoleucine as a complete BCAA profile, enhances muscle building with creatine, and supports energy metabolism with B vitamins.
L-Lysine HCl
Amount per serving: 400 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 400 mg provides meaningful support for collagen cross-linking and tissue repair. Lysine also supports immune function and calcium metabolism.
Why It's Included: L-Lysine is included to support collagen synthesis, immune function, and calcium absorption through its roles in protein structure and mineral metabolism.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Lysine is essential for collagen cross-linking, immune function, and calcium absorption. It supports tissue repair, immune response, and bone health through multiple mechanisms.
Works with: Vitamin C and proline to support collagen and connective tissue strength.
L-Isoleucine
Amount per serving: 400 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 400 mg completes the branched-chain amino acid profile alongside leucine and valine. This level supports muscle metabolism and glucose uptake in muscle tissue.
Why It's Included: L-Isoleucine is included to complete the BCAA profile, support muscle metabolism, and enhance glucose uptake in muscle tissue.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Isoleucine supports muscle protein synthesis, glucose metabolism, and energy production. It works synergistically with other BCAAs to support muscle health and metabolic function.
Works with: Isoleucine completes the BCAA profile with leucine and valine, supports metabolism with niacin and biotin, and enhances muscle function with creatine and magnesium.
L-Phenylalanine
Amount per serving: 300 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 300 mg provides a precursor for tyrosine and key neurotransmitters involved in cognitive performance. This level supports neurotransmitter balance within the broader amino acid profile.
Why It's Included: L-Phenylalanine is included as a precursor to tyrosine and neurotransmitters, supporting cognitive function, mood regulation, and protein synthesis.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Phenylalanine is converted to tyrosine, which serves as a precursor for dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. It supports cognitive function, mood regulation, and stress response.
Works with: Phenylalanine works with tryptophan and choline for neurotransmitter synthesis, supports cognitive function with citicoline and phosphatidylserine, and enhances protein synthesis with other amino acids.
L-Threonine
Amount per serving: 300 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 300 mg supports mucin production for gut barrier integrity and immune function. This amino acid also contributes to collagen and elastin synthesis.
Why It's Included: L-Threonine is included to support immune function, collagen synthesis, and mucin production for gut and respiratory health.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Threonine is essential for immune function, collagen and elastin synthesis, and mucin production. It supports gut barrier function, immune response, and connective tissue health.
Works with: L-Threonine supports collagen synthesis with vitamin C and proline, enhances immune function with zinc and selenium, and works with other amino acids for complete protein profiles.
L-Histidine
Amount per serving: 150 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 150 mg supports protein synthesis and tissue repair processes. Histidine also contributes to immune function and antioxidant defense.
Why It's Included: L-Histidine is included to support immune function, histamine regulation, and protein synthesis, particularly important for tissue repair and growth.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Histidine is a precursor to histamine and supports immune function, wound healing, and protein synthesis. It plays important roles in tissue repair and growth processes.
Works with: Histidine supports immune function with zinc and vitamin C, enhances protein synthesis with other amino acids, and works with B vitamins for optimal metabolism.
L-Methionine
Amount per serving: 150 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 150 mg provides sulfur and methyl groups necessary for methylation and detoxification pathways. This level supports cellular repair while maintaining balance within the amino acid profile.
Why It's Included: L-Methionine is included to support methylation processes, liver function, and sulfur metabolism, essential for detoxification and protein synthesis.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Methionine is essential for methylation reactions, serves as a sulfur donor, and supports liver function. It's important for protein synthesis, detoxification, and cellular repair processes.
Works with: Methionine supports methylation with folate and B12, enhances sulfur metabolism with MSM, and works with other amino acids for complete protein profiles.
L-Tryptophan
Amount per serving: 100 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 100 mg provides precursor support for serotonin and melatonin production. This level contributes to mood regulation and healthy sleep signaling.
Why It's Included: L-Tryptophan is included to support serotonin synthesis, sleep quality, and mood regulation through its role as a precursor to important neurotransmitters.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Tryptophan is converted to serotonin and melatonin, supporting mood regulation, sleep quality, and circadian rhythm function. It plays important roles in neurotransmitter balance.
Works with: Tryptophan works with other amino acids for neurotransmitter synthesis, supports sleep with glycine and theanine, and enhances mood regulation with B vitamins.
Collagen & Skin Health
L-Proline
Amount per serving: 500 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 500 mg provides a meaningful collagen-supporting amino acid that complements glycine and lysine. Together, these amino acids support connective tissue integrity in skin, joints, and tendons.
Why It's Included: L-Proline is included as a key building block for collagen synthesis and to support skin, joint, and connective tissue health.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Proline is essential for collagen structure, particularly in the formation of hydroxyproline through vitamin C-dependent hydroxylation. It supports skin elasticity, joint health, and wound healing.
Works with: Vitamin C, lysine and glycine to support collagen synthesis and MSM and hyaluronic acid for joint health, and supports skin alongside vitamins A and E.
MSM (methylsulfonylmethane)
Amount per serving: 500 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 500 mg provides bioavailable sulfur required for connective tissue structure and antioxidant systems. This level supports collagen and keratin synthesis as part of the broader structural support network in the formula.
Why It's Included: MSM is included as a sulfur donor to support connective tissue health, joint comfort, and skin integrity through its role in collagen and keratin synthesis.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: MSM provides bioavailable sulfur for the synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids and connective tissue proteins. It supports joint health, skin integrity, and may provide anti-inflammatory benefits.
Works with: MSM complements proline and hyaluronic acid for joint health, works with vitamin C and glutathione for antioxidant support, and enhances sulfur metabolism with other amino acids.
Hyaluronic acid (as sodium hyaluronate)
Amount per serving: 150 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 150 mg supports hydration of connective tissues, including skin and joints. This level contributes to tissue lubrication and structural resilience.
Why It's Included: Hyaluronic acid is included to support skin hydration, joint lubrication, and tissue repair through its exceptional water-binding capacity.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Hyaluronic acid can hold up to 1000 times its weight in water, supporting skin hydration, joint lubrication, and tissue repair. It supports wound healing and maintains tissue structure.
Works with: Hyaluronic acid works with collagen-supporting nutrients (vitamin C, proline, glycine), enhances joint health with MSM, and supports skin alongside vitamins A and E.
Brain Health
Citicoline sodium
Amount per serving: 225 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 225 mg aligns with doses commonly used in human research supporting memory and cognitive performance. This level supports neuronal membrane health and brain energy metabolism.
Why It's Included: Citicoline is included to support brain health, memory function, and neuronal membrane integrity through enhanced phospholipid synthesis.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Citicoline supports the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and other membrane phospholipids, enhances neurotransmitter production, and supports brain energy metabolism.
Works with: Citicoline works with phosphatidylserine and choline for brain health, enhances cognitive function with theanine, and supports neuronal energy with MCTs and CoQ10.
Phosphatidylserine (NeuroFlow™)
Amount per serving: 100 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 100 mg supports neuronal membrane integrity and cognitive performance. This level has been studied for supporting memory, focus, and stress response.
Why It's Included: Phosphatidylserine is included to support neuronal membrane function, cognitive performance, and stress response through its role in brain cell structure.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Phosphatidylserine is a key component of neuronal membranes, supporting membrane fluidity, neurotransmitter function, and cellular communication in the brain.
Works with: Phosphatidylserine works with citicoline and choline for brain health, enhances cognitive function with omega-3s and polyphenols, and supports neuronal function with B vitamins.
L-Theanine
Amount per serving: 100 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 100 mg is a well-studied level supporting relaxation and calm focus. This amount promotes alpha brain wave activity without causing sedation.
Why It's Included: L-Theanine is included to promote relaxation without sedation, support stress management, and enhance cognitive function through its calming effects.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Theanine promotes alpha brain wave activity, supports GABA function, and provides calming effects without drowsiness. It may enhance focus and reduce stress-related cognitive impairment.
Works with: Theanine works with citicoline and phosphatidylserine for cognitive support, enhances relaxation with magnesium, and supports stress management with B vitamins.
Cellular Health
Medium-chain triglycerides (70% MCT)
Amount per serving: 1.25 g
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 1.25 g provides rapidly absorbed fatty acids that can be converted into ketones for cellular energy. This level also supports the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients in the formula.
Why It's Included: MCTs are included to provide rapid energy for the brain and muscles, support ketone production, and enhance cognitive function through alternative fuel pathways.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: MCTs are rapidly absorbed and converted to ketones, providing an alternative energy source for the brain. They support cognitive function, may enhance fat oxidation, and provide quick energy without requiring carbohydrate metabolism.
Works with: MCTs support brain energy with CoQ10 and citicoline, enhance ketone production with other fats, and complement cellular energy pathways with creatine and B vitamins.
L-Glutathione
Amount per serving: 225 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 225 mg provides meaningful support for the body’s primary intracellular antioxidant system. This level complements nutrients that support endogenous glutathione recycling.
Why It's Included: L-Glutathione is included as the body's master antioxidant to support cellular detoxification, immune function, and protection against oxidative stress.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Glutathione is the body's primary intracellular antioxidant, supporting detoxification, immune function, and cellular protection. It regenerates other antioxidants and supports liver function.
Works with: Glutathione enhances antioxidant networks with vitamins C and E, supports detoxification with selenium and MSM, and works with other antioxidants for comprehensive cellular protection.
Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride
Amount per serving: 150 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 150 mg provides a precursor level that has been shown to increase NAD⁺ levels over time. Supporting NAD⁺ helps maintain mitochondrial energy production and cellular repair processes.
Why It's Included: Nicotinamide riboside is included as a NAD+ precursor to support cellular energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and healthy aging processes.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Nicotinamide riboside increases NAD+ levels, supporting mitochondrial function, DNA repair, and cellular energy metabolism. It may support healthy aging through enhanced cellular energy production.
Works with: NR works with niacin for NAD+ synthesis, supports mitochondrial function with CoQ10 and MCTs, and enhances cellular energy with B vitamins and magnesium.
Coenzyme Q10
Amount per serving: 100 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 100 mg supports mitochondrial ATP production and cardiovascular health. This level is widely used in human research examining cellular energy and heart function.
Why It's Included: CoQ10 is included to support mitochondrial energy production, cardiovascular health, and cellular protection through its roles in the electron transport chain.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: CoQ10 is essential for mitochondrial ATP production and serves as a powerful antioxidant. It supports cardiovascular health, energy metabolism, and cellular protection against oxidative damage.
Works with: CoQ10 works with nicotinamide riboside and MCTs for mitochondrial health, supports cardiovascular function with taurine and potassium, and enhances antioxidant protection with vitamin E.
Bone Health
Boron (as boron citrate)
Amount per serving: 1 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 1 mg supports mineral metabolism and bone health. This level complements vitamin D, magnesium, and calcium utilization.
Why It’s Included: Boron is included to support bone health, optimize mineral utilization, and contribute to hormonal and metabolic balance.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Boron plays a role in calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D metabolism, supporting bone mineral density and structural integrity. It may influence steroid hormone regulation, support inflammatory balance, and contribute to cognitive and metabolic health through its role in mineral transport and cellular signaling.
Works with: Boron works with vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 to support proper calcium utilization, complements magnesium in bone and metabolic function, and supports overall mineral balance.
Vitamin K2 (as menaquinone-7, K2Go®)
Amount per serving: 100 mcg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 100 mcg supports activation of calcium-regulating proteins involved in bone and vascular health. The MK-7 form provides sustained activity in the body for consistent support.
Why It’s Included: Vitamin K2 is included to support proper calcium utilization, cardiovascular health, and bone strength.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Vitamin K2 (MK-7) activates calcium-binding proteins such as osteocalcin and matrix GLA protein, helping direct calcium into bone tissue while supporting arterial flexibility. The MK-7 form provides sustained activity in the body, supporting long-term bone mineralization and vascular integrity.
Works with: Vitamin K2 works synergistically with vitamin D3 to regulate calcium metabolism, complements boron and magnesium in supporting bone structure, and contributes to cardiovascular resilience.
Gut Support
Bacillus coagulans BC99™
Amount per serving: 2 billion CFU
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 2 billion CFU provides meaningful probiotic support for digestive and immune health. As a spore-forming strain, Bacillus coagulans remains stable and survives stomach acid to reach the gut.
Why It's Included: Bacillus coagulans is included to support digestive health, gut barrier function, and immune system balance through its probiotic activity.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: Bacillus coagulans is a spore-forming probiotic that survives stomach acid and supports gut health, immune function, and nutrient absorption. It helps maintain healthy gut microbiome balance.
Works with: Threonine and polyphenols to support gut barrier integrity and digestive resilience.
Organic Fruit Blend
Organic Fruit Blend
Amount per serving: 300 mg
Daily Value: †
Why This Dose: 300 mg provides a concentrated spectrum of naturally occurring polyphenols and phytonutrients. These compounds complement the antioxidant network supporting cellular resilience.
100 mcg supports activation of calcium-regulating proteins involved in bone and vascular health. The MK-7 form provides sustained activity in the body for consistent support.
Why It’s Included: The organic fruit blend is included to provide a diverse spectrum of naturally occurring polyphenols and phytonutrients that support cellular protection, vascular health, and overall resilience.
Health Benefits & Mechanisms: These fruits contain flavonoids, anthocyanins, and other antioxidant compounds that help neutralize free radicals, support endothelial function, and contribute to healthy inflammatory balance. Polyphenols also play a role in cellular signaling pathways associated with aging and metabolic health.
Works with: The organic fruit blend works with vitamin C and glutathione to support cellular protection and oxidative balance.
Citric acid, natural flavors, sodium citrate, silicon dioxide, beet root (for color), rebaudioside A, and OnoSweet™ rebaudioside M (from fermented rice).
